https://popups.uliege.be/2984-0317/index.php?id=486 Entrées d’index fr 0 https://popups.uliege.be/2984-0317/index.php?id=2319 There has been a dramatic decline in numbers of the black grouse in the Netherlands during the last 60 years. From the original spring population of 5 to 8 thousand cocks before 1940, no more than 30 cocks divided over less than 10 populations survived alound 1990. Of these, only the population of the Sallandse Heuvelrug still exists. The male population of this totally isolated population has been monitored yearly since l974, and studied thoroughly in l982-1986. The presented figures show large fluctuations (12 to 32 males), but an overall population size that does not seem to have changed much in the last 25 years. A decline during the last 3 years resulted in a spring count of only l5 males this year. From 1995 onwards, a survey of territorial males has been included in the yearly spring counts, as was done in 1974-l986. Herewith yearly reproductive success and yearly losses amongst males were estimated. These estimates indicated fluctuating reproductive successes of 14 to 41%, and yearly losses of 25 to 48% during the last six years. Recent reproductive successes were moderate to poor compared to figures from 1982- 1985, when the populalion was on the same level but increasing. Yearly losses were of the same magnitude. Only last year's losses were a little high. The availability of arthropods in relation to weather conditions may have played a role in the recent low reproduction. On the short term, we expect the population to survive. But at this moment we have not enough insight in the effects of the total isolation to give a reasonable prediction for the long term. A la fin des années soixante, le nombre de Tétras lyres a décliné de façon assez spectaculaire aux Pays-Bas. De la population originelle d'avant 1940 (5 à 8 mille coqs au printemps), il ne restait qu'environ 800 coqs éparpillés sur une centaine de zones. Au début des années nonante, pas plus de 5 à 6 populations ont survécu. De celles-ci, seule la population de Sallandse Heuvelrug existe encore. Celle-ci, aujourd'hui totalement isolée, a été suivie assidûment de 1982 à 1986. Plus tard, on a recensé uniquement les coqs au printemps. Leurs nombres ont beaucoup varié au cours des années (13-33 coqs), mais dans l'ensemble, la population n'indique pas de déclin constant depuis 1975. Cependant la population n'a cessé de diminuer au cours des trois dernières années, et comprend l5 coqs seulement cette année. En 1991, le gouvernement hollandais traita le projet de conservation du Tétras lyre en priorité. Le premier but était de créer un espace pour une population future d'environ 50 mâles, en élargissant la proportion des landes ouvertes disponibles par l'éclaircissement des zones boisées. Les comptages annuels printaniers étaient loin d'être suffisants pour étudier les effets et mieux comprendre la dynamique de population. Donc à partir de 1995, nous avons recensé les mâles territoriaux. Par la distinction des adultes (territoriaux) et des juvéniles (non territoriaux), nous avons pu estimer les pertes et le succès annuel de reproduction. De 1994 à l'an passé, celui-ci a beaucoup varié (14-41%), tandis que les pertes annuelles étaient plus stables (25-48%). Le succès de reproduction était modéré à faible comparé à celui des années 1983 à 1986 (40-50%), lorsque la population était similaire à celle de maintenant mais en augmentation et les pertes annuelles quasi similaires. Les pertes de l'an passé sont cependant légèrement plus importantes. La disponibilité d'arthropodes suivant les conditions climatiques, apparemment peu favorables, peut avoir joué un rôle au niveau de la faible reproduction. Une zone à bruyère a brûlé en 1994, rendant ainsi une grande partie de la zone temporairement inappropriée (à la reproduction), peut aussi avoir influencé négativement la reproduction. Les pertes assez importantes l'an passé peuvent s'expliquer par le fait d'une population plus âgée. Le nombre de coqs est bas, il a même été plus bas auparavant, et jusqu'ici la population s'est rétablie à chaque fois. Il est probable que cette fois encore elle se rétablisse, parce que les zones brûlées et nouvellement créées sont devenues de plus en plus appropriées à la reproduction. Mais en ce moment, nous n'avons pas suffisamment d'éclaircissement quant aux effets d'un total isolement de la population pour juger de son avenir à plus long terme. Cependant, l'isolement à long terme de cette population relique pourrait mettre en péril sa pérennité ultérieure. mar., 19 mars 2024 13:53:36 +0100 mar., 19 mars 2024 13:53:49 +0100 https://popups.uliege.be/2984-0317/index.php?id=2319 https://popups.uliege.be/2984-0317/index.php?id=472 The Capercaillie has disappeared from the Belgian Ardennes at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Several reintroductions in Germany near the border in the late eighteenth and the early twentieth century have allowed some birds to reestablish small local populations which survived until 1933. The question arose as to the opportunity of a reintroduction in the Hautes Fagnes-Eifel Natural park. This problem is examined against the discussions conducted in Colmar in 1981 by two dozen specialists from France, Central and Northern Europe. The Capercaillie populations are on the decline in most parts of their european range since world war the second, and are near to become extinct in numerous traditional sites in Western and Central Europe, mainly in France, Germany and Bohemia. Factors affecting the population level are diseases, too high game-ungulates densities, atmospheric pollution (sharp rains), disturbance through touristic invasion, but all authors agree that the root of the problem is the development of modern sylviculture implying densification of the forest-roads network, spreading of phyto-sanitary products, and overall splitting and destruction of the habitat. This very sedentary bird needs indeed all its vital recquirements on a small area in mixed heterogenous forests with open wetter spaces for displaying and courting on the lek, dense shrub layer and plenty of preferred plants as food - blueberry shrub especially -, big old trees as roosting sites. Small population isolates disappear here and there. Numerous reintroduction programms have been conducted in the past 150 years. Very few succeeded, as in Scotland; most failed ! A special interest is granted to a raising experiment in progress in order to reintroduce the species in the Massif central in France, from where it disappeared two centuries ago; the young birds are released as soon as they have completed their post-juvenile moult, in a good heterogenous regenerated and planted forest; good attention is paid to the ontogeny of the behaviour and the adaptiveness of the birds to their new habitat. The aim is to produce enough birds to allow the building up of at least one reproductive social unit. Nevertheless, if the species is to be saved in those places from where it has not yet vanished, its vital habitat recquirements should be taken into consideration; plantations should be undertaken for long period through natural regeneration with small changes with time in natural ecological successions; clearings, borders should be multiplicated and diversity enhanced. Some experiments are in progress in Sweden, Switzerland and Black Forest of Germany, in order to achieve a compromise between conservation and economic recquirements. In France, forest management recommandations have been formulated by the national forestry service, since foresters are responsible for the structure and quality of the habitat: plant composition of the differents layers, importance of the clear-cuttings, length of the forest exploitation cycles. From all these considerations and experiments, it seems clear that conditions for a successful reintroduction of capercaillie in the Hautes-Fagnes are not prevailing at the present time. We need first to controll the public invasion and to improve the habitat suitability. But contacts with consultants and follow up of the Cevennes programme should be wellcommed. ven., 26 janv. 2024 10:06:31 +0100 ven., 26 janv. 2024 10:13:48 +0100 https://popups.uliege.be/2984-0317/index.php?id=472