https://popups.uliege.be/3041-539x/index.php?id=952 The concept of an organized system and the historical review of the problem are presented. The concept explains biological phenomena and cybernetics systems in a point of view of functional organization. Cybernetics and information theory consider physical and chemical transformations of energy and matter in organized systems only as signals and a means for realization of some purposive informational control programs. Life (or Artificial Life) is considered to be an adaptive system that stores information. The more such a biological (or artificial) system (species) is effective in storing and using information, the fitter the programs are. Evolution of systems from non-organized and dissipative transformations through elementary organized-regulators, programmed controllers, servo-controllers up to anticipatory systems is discussed. The elementary functional components of a biological cell, a multicellular organism, and an animal are analysed as organized system Full text issues Volume 5 Biological, Ecological and Autonomous Systems fr Mon, 01 Jul 2024 15:28:37 +0200 Mon, 01 Jul 2024 15:28:49 +0200 https://popups.uliege.be/3041-539x/index.php?id=952 0